Larvas recién nacidas de Trichinella spiralis: cinética de agregación eritrocitaria / Newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis: erythrocyte aggregation kinetics

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la cinética de agregación eritrocitaria producida por dos concentraciones de larvas recién nacidas (LRN) de Trichinella spiralis. Se trabajó con 5 suspensiones eritrocitarias incubadas con 500 y 1.000±100 LRN/mL durante 120 minutos, con tomas de muestra al tiempo inicial y cada 15 minutos. Los respectivos controles se incubaron de la misma manera con solución salina. Se aplicaron el método de titulación por Polibrene calculando el CexpST y la técnica de análisis de la variancia con las comparaciones múltiples según Tukey. Los resultados mostraron para ambas concentraciones de LRN, que el coeficiente promedio disminuyó con el aumento del tiempo de incubación. En el tratamiento con 1.000 LRN/mL, el coeficiente promedio no presentó diferencias significativas a tiempo 0 y 15 minutos, ni entre 60 y 75 minutos, mientras que con 500 LRN/mL no hubo diferencias entre los tiempos 0, 15 y 30 minutos. Todas las restantes diferencias fueron significativas para ambas concentraciones larvales. El valor promedio de CexpST no difirió significativamente entre los dos tratamientos a tiempo 0 y 15 minutos, pero a todos los otros tiempos fue menor a mayor concentración de larvas. La experiencia realizada indicaría que in vivo, la cantidad de LRN y el tiempo que permanecen en circulación determinan el grado de desializacion eritrocitaria, y por lo tanto el riesgo de activación T y de alteraciones hemorreológicas en el hospedador.

The aim of this work was to study the kinetics of erythrocyte aggregation produced by two concentrations of Trichinella spiralis newborn larvae (NL). Work was performed with 5 erythrocyte suspensions incubated with 500 and 1000 ± 100 NL/mL for 120 minutes, taking samples at the initial time and every 15 minutes. The respective controls were incubated in the same way with saline solution. The Polybrene titration method calculating the CexpST and the variance analysis technique with the multiple comparisons according to Tukey were applied. The results showed that the average coefficient decreased with the rise in incubation time for both NL concentrations. The average coefficient did not present significant differences between the initial time and 15 minutes, nor between 60 and 75 minutes in the treatment with 1000 NL/mL, while there were no differences between 0,15 and 30 minutes in the treatment with 500 NL/mL. All other differences were significant for both larval concentrations. The average value of CexpST did not differ significantly between the two time treatments at zero time and 15 minutes, but at all other times it was less at a higher concentration of larvae. The experience carried out would indicate that in vivo, the amount of NL and the time that they remain in circulation determines the degree of erythrocyte desialylation, and therefore, the risk of T activation and hemorrheological alterations in the host.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a cinética de agregação eritrocitária produzida por duas concentrações de larvas recém nascidas (LRN) de Trichinella spiralis. O trabalho foi feito com 5 suspensões eritrocitárias incubadas com 500 e 1.000 ± 100 LRN/mL por 120 minutos, colhendo amostras no tempo inicial e a cada 15 minutos. Os respectivos controles foram incubados da mesma forma com solução salina. Foi aplicado o método de titulação por Polibreno e se calculou CexpST. e a técnica de análise da variância com as comparações múltiplas de acordo com Tukey. Os resultados mostraram, para ambas as concentrações de LRN, que o o coeficiente médio diminuiu com o aumento do tempo de incubação. No tratamento com 1.000 LRN/mL o coeficiente médio não mostrou diferenças significativas no tempo 0 e 15 minutos ou entre 60 e 75 minutos, ao passo que não houve diferenças com 500 LRN/mL entre tempos 0, 15 e 30 minutos. Todas as restantes diferenças foram significativas para ambas as concentrações de larvas. O valor médio de CexpST não diferiu significativamente entre os dois tratamentos no tempo de 0 e 15 minutos, mas em todos os outros tempos foi menor em maior concentração de larvas. A experiência realizada indicaria que in vivo a quantidade de LRN e o tempo que permanecem em circulação determina o grau de dessialização dos eritrócitos e, portanto, o risco de ativação T e de alterações hemorreológicas no hospedeiro.

Comparison of Apixaban and Low Molecular Weight Heparin in Preventing Deep Venous Thrombosis after Total Knee Arthroplasty in Older Adults

PURPOSE: To compare the effect of apixaban and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in the prevention and treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) after total knee arthroplasty in older adult patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 220 patients (average age of 67.8±6.4 years) undergoing total knee arthroplasty were randomly selected as research subjects and were divided into apixaban and LMWH groups (110 in each group). RESULTS: The incidence of DVT was lower in the apixaban group than in the LMWH group (5.5% vs. 20.0%, p=0.001). Activated partial thromboplastin times (35.2±3.6 sec vs. 33.7±2.2 sec, p=0.010; 37.8±4.6 sec vs. 34.1±3.2 sec, p<0.001; 39.6±5.1 sec vs. 35.7±3.0 sec, p=0.032) and prothrombin times (14.0±1.0 sec vs. 12.8±0.9 sec, p<0.001; 14.5±1.2 sec vs. 13.0±1.1 sec, p<0.001; 15.3±1.4 sec vs. 13.2±1.3 sec, p=0.009) in the apixaban group at 1 week after surgery, 3 weeks after surgery, and the end of treatment were higher than those in the LMWH group. Platelet and fibrinogen levels in the apixaban group were lower than those of the LMWH group. Also, capillary plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation in the apixaban group at 1 week after surgery, 3 weeks after surgery, and the end of treatment were lower than those in the LMWH group. CONCLUSION: Apixaban, which elicits fewer adverse reactions and is safer than LMWH, exhibited better effects in the prevention and treatment of DVT after total knee arthroplasty in older adults.

Effect of Blood Donation on the Donor's Hemorheological Properties / 대한수혈학회지

The circulatory system is closely related to the inter-relationship between the anatomy of the heart and blood vessels, and the fluid dynamic properties of blood. The physical properties of blood, which affect blood flow, are called hemorheologic factors. Hemorheologic factors, such as blood viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation, are influenced mainly by hematocrit. A higher hematocrit level results in an increase in blood viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation, which impedes the circulation itself, and tissue oxygenation. An excess of serum ferritin causes injury to vascular endothelial cells and erythrocytes via oxygen free radicals. In addition, an excess of blood can aggravatee the adverse effects of the hemorheologic parameters and induce atherogenesis, microcirculatory disturbances, and major cardiovascular events. A preventive and therapeutic approach with a phlebotomy or blood donation has been stimulated by the knowledge that blood loss, such as regular donations, is associated with significant decreases in key hemorheologic variables, including blood viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation, hematocrit, and fibrinogen. Major cardiovascular events have been improved in regular blood donors by improving blood flow and microcirculation by decreasing the level of oxidative stress, improving the hemorheologic parameters, and reducing the serum ferritin level. Confirmation of the positive preventive and therapeutic effects of blood donations on cardiovascular disease by a well-designed and well-controlled Cohort study may be good news to patients with cardiovascular disease or at risk of these diseases, as well as patients who require a transfusion.

Alteración de la agregación eritrocitaria por larvas recién nacidas de Trichinella spiralis / Alteration of the erythrocyte aggregation by newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis / Alteração do agregação eritrocitária por larvas recém-nascidas da Trichinella spiralis

El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar las alteraciones en la agregación eritrocitaria producidas por recién nacidas (LRN) de T. spiralis. Se usaron concentrados de larvas LRN incubados en partes iguales con glóbulos rojos (GR) Grupo O (GR Tratados) durante 2 horas, con y sin agitación controlada, tomando muestras al tiempo inicial, 60 y 120 minutos. Los Controles fueron incubados con igual volumen de solución salina. Se aplicó Análisis Digital de Imágenes para estudiar la distribución de los agregados eritrocitarios y calcular el valor de coeficiente de células aisladas (CCA) y la Técnica de Titulación de la Agregación para determinar el Título y el CexpST. Se utilizó ANOVA bifactorial para analizar el efecto de la agitación y del tiempo de incubación en los valores de CCA. Los resultados mostraron que el aumento del tiempo de tratamiento produjo la disminución de las células aisladas y los pequeños rouleaux, y el aumento de los agregados formados por 5 o más glóbulos, lo cual incrementó significativamente el valor de CCA. El análisis estadístico determinó que la agregación de los GR Tratados a los 60 minutos fue mayor que al tiempo 0, y a los 120 minutos mayor que a los otros dos tiempos. La Titulación de la agregación mostró la disminución del CexpST y del Título de los GR Tratados. Las metodologías empleadas no mostraron diferencias significativas en tratamientos con y sin agitación. Se concluye que la disminución de carga eritrocitaria producida por LRN podría provocar alteraciones hemorreológicas en el hospedador.

The aim of this paper was to study the alterations in the erythrocyte aggregation produced by newborn larvae (NL) of T. spiralis. Work was performed with NL concentrates, which were incubated with an equal volume of O Group RBC (Treated RBC) for 2 hours, with and without controlled agitation, taking samples at the initial time, at 60 and 120 minutes. RBC Controls were incubated with equal volume of saline solution. Digital Image Analysis was applied to study the distribution of erythrocyte aggregates and to calculate ICC values, and the Aggregation Titration Technique was used to determine the Title and TSexpC. Two-factor ANOVA was used to analyze the effect of agitation and incubation time on the ICC values. The results showed that at higher treatment time, there was a decrease of isolated cells and small rouleaux and an increase of the aggregates formed by 5 or more cells, with a significant increase of ICC values. Statistical analysis determined that Treated RBC aggregation at 60 minutes was higher than at initial time and that at 120 minutes it was higher than the other two times. Aggregation Titration showed a decrease in the Treated RBC Title and TSexpC. The methodologies employed showed no significant differences in treatments with and without agitation. It is concluded that the decrease in erythrocyte charge produced by NL could cause hemorrheologic alterations in the host.

O objetivo foi estudar as alterações na agregação de eritrócitos produzidas por larvas recém-nascidas (LRN) da T. spiralis. O trabalho foi feito com concentrados de LRN incubados em partes iguais com glóbulos vermelhos (GV) Grupo O (GV Tratados), durante 2 horas, com e sem agitação controlada, levando as amostras ao tempo inicial, 60 e 120 minutos. Os controles foram incubados com igual volume de solução salina. Análise Digital de Imagens foi aplicada para estudar a distribuição dos agregados de eritrócitos e calcular o valor do Quoficiente de Células Isoladas (QCI) e a Técnica de Titulação da Agregação para determinar o Título e CexpST. Para analisar o efeito da agitação e do tempo de incubação sobre os valores do QCI foi utilizada ANOVA bifatorial. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento do tempo de tratamento produziu a diminuição das células isoladas e os pequenos rouleaux, e o aumento dos agregados formados por 5 ou mais glóbulos, aumentando o valor de QCI significativamente. A análise estatística determinou que a agregação de GV Tratados aos 60 minutos foi maior que no tempo inicial e, aos 120 minutos era maior que durante os outros dois tempos. A Titulação da Agregação mostrou a diminuição do CexpST e do Título de GV Tratados. As metodologias usadas não mostraram diferenças significantes em tratamentos com e sem agitação. Conclui-se que a diminuição de carga de eritrócitos produzida por LRN poderia resultar em alterações hemorreológicas no hospedeiro.

Early postoperative changes in hematological, erythrocyte aggregation and blood coagulation parameters after unilateral implantation of polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft in the femoral artery of beagle dogs

PURPOSE: The failure of small-caliber vascular grafts still means a serious problem. Concerning the early postoperative complications we aimed to investigate the hemostaseological and hemorheological aspects of this issue in a canine model. METHODS: In the Control group only anesthesia was induced. In the Grafted group under general anesthesia a 3.5-cm segment was resected unilaterally from the femoral artery and replaced with a PTFE graft (diameter: 3 mm). On the 1st-3rd-5th-7th and 14th postoperative days the skin temperature of both hind limbs was measured, and blood sampling occurred for hematological, hemostaseological and hemorheological tests. RESULTS: The skin temperature of the operated versus intact limbs did not differ. In the Grafted group leukocyte count was elevated by the 1st postoperative day, while platelet count increased over the entire follow-up period. Fibrinogen concentration rose on the 1st-5th days, activated partial thromboplastin time increased on the 3rd-7th days. Erythrocyte aggregation was enhanced significantly on the 1st-5th days. In specimens taken on the 14th day, histologically we found matured thrombus narrowing the graft lumen. CONCLUSIONS: Small-caliber PTFE graft implantation into the femoral artery caused significant changes in several hemostaseological and hemorheological parameters. However, better clarifying the factors leading to early thrombosis of these grafts needs further studies. .

Advances in pathogenesis and correlated clinical research of hypercoagulability in β thalassemia / 中国当代儿科杂志

This article summarizes the pathogenesis of hypercoagulability in β thalassemia patients, including platelet activation, alteration of red blood cell membranes, abnormal expression of adhesion molecules on vascular endothelial cells and iron overload. Clinical evidence, clinical manifestations of hypercoagulable state and thrombosis in β thalassemia and the effect of splenectomy on hypercoagulable state were reviewed. Strategies to prevent and treat the thromboembolic events in β-thalassemia intermedia are also discussed, including transfusion therapy to raise hemoglobin levels, avoidance or delay of splenectomy and a number of treatments in the exploration.

Comparative analysis of the promoting blood effects of the combination of different proportions of danggui and honghua by the principal component analysis and multi-attribute comprehensive index methods / 药学学报

The combination of Danggui and Honghua (GH) is a popular herb pair commonly used in clinic for the treatment of blood stasis syndrome in China. To evaluate the activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis effects of the combination of different proportions of Danggui and Honghua on acute blood stasis rats, and optimize the proportion of GH to have the best activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis effect. Acute blood stasis rat model was induced by subcutaneous injection of adrenaline and ice water bath. The blood stasis rats were administrated intragastrically with GH (1 : 0, 4 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 2, 1 : 1, 2 : 3, 1: 2, 1 : 4 and 0 : 1) extracts. The whole blood viscosity (WBV), plasma viscosity (PV), and high shear whole blood relative index (HSWBRI), low shear whole blood relative index (LSWBRI), and erythrocyte aggregation index (EAI) were tested to observe the effects of GH on hemorheology of blood stasis rats. And the maximum aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was tested to observe the effect of GH on platelet aggregation index of blood stasis rats. In addition, the prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and plasma fibrinogen (FIB) were tested to observe the effects of GH on blood coagulation function of blood stasis rats. Then principal component analysis and multi-attribute comprehensive index methods were both used to comprehensively evaluate the total activating blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis effects of GH. The results showed that the hemorheological indexes and coagulation parameters of model group both had significant differences with normal group. Compared with model group, GH (1 : 0, 4 : 1, 2: 1, 3 : 2, 1 : 1, 2 : 3, 1 : 2, 1 : 4 and 0 : 1) could improve all the blood hemorheology indexes and regulate part indexes of blood coagulation function and platelet aggregation in acute blood stasis rats. Based on principal component analysis and multi-attribute comprehensive index methods, GH 1 : 1 and GH 3 : 2 both had the best effect of blood circulation and dissipating blood stasis, and the effect of GH 1 : 1 was slightly better than GH 3 : 2. These results suggest that GH could obviously ameliorate the abnormality of hemorheology and blood coagulation function in acute blood stasis rats. The optimized proportion of GH was consistent with regulations of medicine usage that GH 1 : 1 had the highest frequency used in traditional Chinese formulae. It could provide scientific basis for more effective application of the compatibility between Danggui and Honghua in modern clinic medicine.

Evolución de la dimensión fractal y correlación temporal de agregados eritrocitarios producidos por Ascaris lumbricoides / Evolution of the fractal dimension and time correlation of erythrocyte aggregates produced by Ascaris lumbricoides

Introducción: se ha demostrado que Ascaris lumbricoides capta ácido siálico eritrocitario. Objetivo: estudiar la evolución de la dimensión fractal y la correlación temporal de los agregados eritrocitarios producidos por incubación con el helminto. Métodos: se trabajó con extractos parasitarios y concentrados de larvas, que fueron incubados en partes iguales con eritrocitos grupo O, en medio salino y enzimático, durante 90 min (eritrocitos tratados). Las suspensiones de eritrocitos control se incubaron con igual volumen de buffer fosfato salino. Las muestras de eritrocitos fueron extraídas cada 10 min durante la incubación. Se aplicó análisis digital de imágenes para la toma de los datos, se calculó a posteriori el conteo de células aisladas utilizando la técnica de box-counting y se aplicó el método de May y Sugihara, realizando las comparaciones siguientes: control de sangre entera enfrentada a otra muestra control de igual característica; control enfrentado a eritrocitos tratados con concentrados de larvas y control enfrentado a eritrocitos tratados con extractos parasitarios. Resultados: el análisis de la dimensión fractal para eritrocitos controles en ambos medios mostró una evolución de tipo movimiento browniano. Los eritrocitos tratados con extractos parasitarios presentaron un movimiento caótico determinista en medio salino y browniano fraccionario en medio enzimático. La cinética de agregación de los eritrocitos tratados con concentrados de larvas presentó un comportamiento intermedio entre ambos. La correlación temporal indicó que la conducta del control fue aleatoria en ambos medios y que los eritrocitos tratados con extractos parasitarios presentaron un comportamiento caótico determinista en medio salino y débilmente autosemejante en medio enzimático. El control enfrentado a muestras tratadas con concentrados de larvas en ambos medios, tuvo una conducta intermedia entre la que presentaron los otros dos procesos. Conclusiones: los análisis matemáticos realizados han permitido caracterizar el proceso de agregación eritrocitaria producido por Ascaris lumbricoides.

Introduction: Ascaris lumbricoides has been shown to capture erythrocyte sialic acid. Objective: study the evolution of the fractal dimension and the time correlation of erythrocyte aggregates produced by incubation with this helminth. Methods: parasite extracts and larval concentrates were incubated in equal parts with group O erythrocytes in saline and enzymatic media for 90 minutes (treated erythrocytes). Control erythrocytes suspensions were incubated with an equal volume of saline phosphate buffer. Erythrocyte samples were extracted every 10 minutes during incubation. Digital image analysis was used for data collection. The count of isolated cells was estimated a posteriori using box-counting technique. The May & Sugihara method was used for the following comparisons: whole blood control vs. a control sample with the same characteristic; control vs. erythrocytes treated with larval concentrates, and control vs. erythrocytes treated with parasite extracts. Results: fractal dimension analysis of control erythrocytes revealed Brownian motion evolution in both media. Erythrocytes treated with parasite extracts showed deterministic chaotic motion in the saline medium and fractional Brownian motion in the enzymatic medium. The behavior of aggregation kinetics for erythrocytes treated with larval concentrates was intermediate between the two. Time correlation revealed random behavior by the control in both media. It also showed that erythrocytes treated with parasite extracts had deterministic chaotic behavior in the saline medium and weakly self-similar behavior in the enzymatic medium. When compared with samples treated with larval concentrates in both media, the behavior of the control was intermediate between that of the other two processes. Conclusions: the mathematical analyses conducted have allowed characterization of the process of erythrocyte aggregation performed by Ascaris lumbricoides.

Hemorheology visualization clinical research in elderly hypertension patients of different Chinese medical syndrome types / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe blood flow features in elderly hypertension patients of different Chinese medical syndrome types and to test their correlation with rheological properties of red blood cells (RBCs) by applying micro-channel array flow analyzer (MC-FAN).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Recruited were 109 elderly hypertension patients were assigned to phlegm-stasis blocking collateral group (35 cases), yin deficiency yang hyperactivity group (42 cases), Shen deficiency group (32 cases) according to Chinese medical syndrome typing. Besides, another 21 elderly healthy subjects were recruited as the control group. The hemorheology visualization testing of elderly hypertension patients was detected using MC-FAN. The erythrocyte deformation index (DI), erythrocyte aggregation index (EAI), and erythrocyte related plasma ATPase activity were observed. The correlation between the transiting time (TT) of blood hemorheology visualization and rheological indicators of RBCs were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The hemorheology visualization TT was significantly prolonged more in the phlegm-stasis blocking collateral group than in the yin deficiency yang hyperactivity group, the Shen deficiency group, and the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the DI was significantly lower in the phlegm-stasis blocking collateral group than in the yin deficiency yang hyperactivity group, the Shen deficiency group, and the control group (P < 0.05) when the shear rate was 100 s(-1). Compared with the control group, the plasma Na+ -K(+) -ATPase activity and the plasma Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase activity were significantly lower in elderly hypertension patients (P < 0.01). Among the three groups, plasma Ca2+ -Mg2+ -ATPase activity was significantly lower in the phlegm stasis blocking collateral group than in the Shen deficiency group (P < 0. 05). The hemorheology visualization TT (10, 30, 60, and 100 microL) was negatively correlated with DI. The hemorheology visualization TT at 100 microL was positively correlated with EAI.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Changes of hemorheology visualization TT of elderly hypertension patients were significant and correlated with traditional EAI.</p>

Técnica de cuantificación de la agregación eritrocitaria por análisis digital de imágenes / Erythrocyte aggregation quantification technique using digital image analysis / Técnica de quantificagáo do agregado eritrocitário por análise digital de imagens

La caracterización de agregados eritrocitarios es importante para analizar las posibles alteraciones en la microcirculación observadas en ciertas patologías vasculares como la hipertensión y la diabetes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estandarizar una técnica que pueda ser utilizada por cualquier operador con un equipamiento similar. Para ello se prepararon distintas suspensiones de glóbulos rojos de dadores sanos en plasma autólogo, que fueron observadas con un microscopio óptico invertido. Se registraron para su análisis las imágenes de los agregados con una cámara digital. Se realizaron los recuentos de células individuales, agregados de 2 a 4 células, agregados de 5 ó más células y amas (redes de agregados de gran tamaño). Se midió el perímetro y el área, obteniéndose un parámetro de forma (ASP) de cada agregado de 5 ó más células. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron estandarizar el protocolo de trabajo concluyendo que la dilución óptima de glóbulos rojos en plasma autólogo para esta técnica es 0,5%.

Characterization of erythrocyte aggregates is important in the analysis of the possible alterations observed in the microcirculation of certain vascular pathologies such as hypertension and diabetes. The objective of this work was to standardize a technique that can be used by any operator having similar equipment. For that purpose, different suspensions of red blood cells from healthy donors were prepared in autologous plasma and then observed with an inverted light microscope. The images of the aggregates were recorded with a digital camera in order to be later analyzed. Individual cell count was carried out, as well as 2 to 4 cell- aggregates, 5 or more cell- aggregate and amas (big aggregate networks). Measurement of perimeter and area of each of the aggregates made up of 5 or more cells was performed, getting a shape parameter (ASP). Due to the results obtained, this working protocol has been standardized and it can be concluded that the optimal dilution of red blood cells in autologous plasma is 0.5% for this particular technique.

A caracterizagáo de agregados eritrocitários é importante para analisar as possíveis alteragóes na microcirculagáo observadas em certas patologias vasculares como a hipertensáo e a diabetes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar uma técnica que possa ser utilizada por qualquer operador com um equipamento similar. Para isso foram preparadas diversas suspensóes de glóbulos vermelhos de doadores saudáveis em plasma autólogo, que foram observadas com um microscópio óptico invertido. Foram registradas para a sua análise as imagens dos agregados com uma camera digital. Realizaramse as recontagens de células individuais, agregados de 2 a 4 células, agregados de 5 ou mais células e amas (redes de agregados de grande tamanho). Foi medido o perímetro e a área, obtendo um parametro de forma (ASP) de cada agregado de 5 ou mais células. Os resultados obtidos permitiram padronizar o protocolo de trabalho concluindo que a diluigáo ótima de glóbulos vermelhos em plasma autólogo para esta técnica é de 0,5%.

The effects of mesenteric lymph drainage on erythrocyte rheology in rats with hemorrhagic shock / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of mesenteric lymph drainage on erythrocyte rheology and blood viscosity in hemorrhagic shock rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham-shock group, shock group (establishing hemorrhagic shock model), drainage group (establishing hemorrhagic shock model plus drainaging shock mesenteric lymph from hypotension 1 h). At 3 h of hypotension or corresponding time, blood samples were harvested from the abdominal aorta for determining the erythrocytic parameters, erythrocyte electrophoresis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and blood viscosity, and the erythrocytes aggregation index and erythrocyte deformability index were calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the sham-shock group, the red cell contents, hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), erythrocyte electrophoretic rate and mobility, erythrocyte deformability index, whole blood viscosity, whole blood relative or reduced viscosity at low and high shear rates in shock group were observably lower, and mean corpuscular volume, electrophoretic time of erythrocyte, ESR, K value of equation and K value of emendation, erythrocytes aggregation index, plasma viscosity in shock group were increased markedly; the MCHC, erythrocyte electrophoretic rate and mobility, whole blood viscosity, whole blood relative viscosity at low and high shear rates in drainage group were reduced, and the red blood cell volume distribution width -SD (RDW-SD) was increased remarkably. At the same time, in drainage group, the HCT, RDW-SD, erythrocyte deformability index, whole blood viscosity and relative viscosity at low and high shear rates were higher, the ESR, K value of equation and K value of emendation, erythrocytes aggregation index, plasma viscosity were lower than that of shock group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results indicate that the mesenteric lymph drainage could improve the erythrocyte rheological behavior, as a result, improve the hemorrheological properties in hemorrhagic shock rats.</p>

Changes of blood viscosity and erythrocyte rheology in acute hypoxic hypoxia mices / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the changes of blood viscosity and erythrocyte rheology in mice after acute hypoxic hypoxia (AHH).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-two Kui-ming mice were randomly divided into control group, AHH group (duplicating AHH model, and divided into 5 min, 8 min, 11 min subgroups), the blood sample was taken out from heart after neck dislocation at corresponding times, for detecting the blood viscosity and erythrocyte rheology indices.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with control group, the whole blood viscosity at different shears, whole blood reduced viscosity, whole blood relative viscosity were lower and the erythrocytes aggregation index was higher in AHH 5 min group; the electrophoresis time was longer and the electrophoresis length, migration of erythrocyte were lower in AHH 8 min and AHH 11 min groups. The whole blood reduced viscosity, whole blood relative viscosity, erythrocytes aggregation index in AHH 8 min group were higher, and the erythrocyte deformability index was lower significantly than that of AHH 5 min group, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These data suggested that the AHH could induce the blood viscosity and electrophoresis ability.</p>

Effects of the effective components group of xiaoshuantongluo formula on rat acute blood stasis model / 药学学报

Effects of the effective components group of Xiaoshuantongluo formula (XECG) on rat acute blood stasis model were studied under the guidance of the concept of effective components group. Rat acute blood stasis model was induced by subcutaneous injection of epinephrine combined with ice water bath. Hemorheology indices such as whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation index and platelet aggregation rate; coagulation parameters including PT, APTT, TT and FIB; 6-keto-PGF1alpha, TXB2 and D-dimer levels were determined to evaluate the effects of XECG. The results showed that XECG significantly reduced ADP-induced platelet aggregation, but showed little influence on the whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation rate. XECG extended PT and TT slightly, but had no effects on APTT and FIB content. D-dimer levels significantly decreased after administration of XECG with a little decrease of TXB2, but the content of 6-keto-PGF1alpha did not change significantly. The results suggest that the role of XECG of anti-aggregation is more prominent.

A simple slide test to assess erythrocyte aggregation in acute ST-elevated myocardial infarction and acute ischemic stroke: Its prognostic significance.

A simple slide test and image analysis were used to reveal the presence of an acute-phase response and to determine its intensity in subjects of acute myocardial infarction and acute ischemic stroke. Erythrocytes tend to aggregate during an inflammatory process. Evaluation of erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation is currently available to the clinicians indirectly by erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), but ESR correlates poorly with erythrocyte aggregation, hence a simple slide technique using citrated blood was used to evaluate erythrocyte aggregation microscopically and also by using image analysis. Aims: (1) To study erythrocyte aggregation/adhesiveness by a simple slide test in subjects with acute ST-elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI), acute ischemic stroke and healthy controls. (2) To study the prognostic significance of ESR and erythrocyte aggregation/adhesiveness test (EAAT) in predicting the outcome after 1 week in subjects of acute myocardial infarction and acute ischemic stroke. Patients and Methods: Three groups of subjects were included in the study; 30 patients of acute STEMI, 30 patients of acute ischemic stroke, and 30 subjects with age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Citrated blood was subjected to simple slide test and ESR estimation by Westergren's method. Stained smears were examined under 400Χ and graded into four grades. Images were taken from nine fields; three each from head, body, and tail of the smear. The degree of erythrocyte aggregation was quantified using a variable called erythrocyte percentage (EP), by using the software MATLAB Version 7.5. A simple program was used to count the number of black and white pixels in the image by selecting a threshold level. Results: The mean ESR of the subjects with acute myocardial infarction (29 + 17.34) was significantly higher (P = 0.001) than the mean ESR of the control group (15.5 + 12.37). The mean EP of the subjects with acute myocardial infarction (69.91 + 13.25) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the mean EP of the control group (85.16 + 8.41). The mean ESR of the subjects with acute stroke (40.46 + 33.75) was significantly higher (P = 0.0005) than that of the controls (15.5 + 12.37). The mean EP of the stroke patients (70.59 + 11.30) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the mean EP of the controls (85.16 + 8.41). In subjects with acute myocardial infarction there was a significant negative correlation (r = −0.623) between ESR and EP. In acute stroke patients there was a significant negative correlation (r = −0.69) between ESR and EP. On performing standard error of proportions, P value was < 0.05. Conclusion: EAAT is a simple bedside test for erythrocyte aggregation, which indirectly reveals the presence and proportion of inflammation. This test has the potential to assess the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction and acute stroke. It can also be used as a screening test for high-risk individuals, so that necessary interventions could be adopted. However, further studies need to be conducted to establish standard protocols.

Ácido siálico sérico, carga aniónica y agregación eritrocitaria en pacientes diabéticos e hipertensos / Serum sialic acid, cellular anionic charge and erythrocyte aggregation in diabetic and hypertensive patients

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la relación del ácido siálico sérico (AS) y la carga aniónica eritrocitaria (CAE) con la agregación eritrocitaria en dos grupos de pacientes: diabéticos (DBT n= 20) e hipertensos (HTA n= 21), comparados con un grupo control (n= 20). Se trabajó con sangre anticoagulada con EDTA y suero. La agregación eritrocitaria se estudió por observación microscópica de los agregados y cuantificación a través de un parámetro de forma denominado ASP (Aggregation Shape Parameter). La CAE se determinó por unión a colorante alcian blue y el AS por método espectrofotométrico con reactivo de Erlich. Los valores de ASP y AS resultaron significativamente aumentados en los HTA y DBT respecto de los normales. Los HTA y DBT presentaron agregados amorfos, lo que se refleja en los valores alterados de ASP, significativamente mayores (p < 0.005) respecto de los individuos normales. Los valores de CAE resultaron significativamente inferiores en los HTA y DBT respecto del grupo control (p < 0.0001). En este trabajo se demostraron anormalidades en la agregación eritrocitaria, detectadas por los valores de ASP, CAE y AS que podrían estar involucradas en las complicaciones vasculares de vasculopatías como la hipertensión y la diabetes.

The aim of this work was to study the relationship between serum sialic acid (SSA) and erythrocyte anionic charge (EAC) with erythrocyte aggregation in two groups: diabetic (DBT, n=20) and hypertensive (HT, n=21) patients, compared to a control group (n=20). We worked with anticoagulated blood with EDTA and serum. The erythrocyte aggregation was studied by microscopically observing and quantifying aggregates using an ASP (Aggregate Shape Parameter). The EAC was determined by binding an Alcian blue dye to the membrane sialic acid and SSA was determined by spectrophotometric method with an Erlich reactant. The values of ASP and SSA increased significantly in HT and DBT patients compared to the control group. The HT and DBT groups showed amorphous aggregates, evident in an alteration in the values of ASP, which were significantly higher ( p< 0.005) than in healthy patients. The EAC values were much lower in HT and DBT patients than in the control group (p < 0.0001). In this work, abnormalities in the erythrocyte aggregation could be detected by the values of ASP, EAC and SSA, which might be involved in vascular disorders of diseases such as hypertension and diabetes.

Changes in erythrocyte aggregation and deformability in diabetes mellitus: a brief review.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by varying or persistent hyperglycemia either due to insufficient production of insulin by pancreas or improper utilization of the glucose. Erythrocytes remain in hyperglycemic environment throughout their life span and thus are subjected to series of compositional changes, which in turn affect their flow properties through alteration of deformation at individual level and aggregation at collective level. This brief review summarizes the changes in biochemical parameters primarily contributing to the erythrocyte deformability and aggregation as measured by various techniques, of blood samples obtained from diabetic subjects. The significant changes in erythrocyte aggregation and deformability, in comparison with that of control subjects show the relevance of these measurements. These changes are further supported by in vivo observations of blood flow through microvessels. Finally the relevance of these in combination with other clinical parameters is suggested.

Construction of the hemagglutinin-2-deficient mutant of Porphyromonas gingivalis / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To construct and identify the Porphyromonas gingivalis(Pg)ATCC33277 hemagglutinin-2(HA-2)-deficient mutant.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The genomic DNA of Pg was isolated from PgATCC33277. The up/down stream genes of HA-2-HA(u), HA(l) were amplified by PCR, and inserted into pSY118 separately which contains a 2.1 kb antibiotic resistance ermF-ermAM cassette. The resultant recombinant plasmid-pSY118-HA was linearized as the gene targating fragment HA-ermF-ermAM and used in the electroporation of PgATCC33277. The Pg HA-2-deficient mutant was screened by allelic exchange. The test of aggregation of red blood cells was used to investigate the function change between PgHA2-deficient mutant and the wild type of PgATCC33277.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The PgHA-2-deficient mutant was identified by PCR. The ability of Pg HA-2-deficient mutant to aggregate red blood cell was significantly decreased compared with the wild type.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>HA-2-deficient mutant of Pg ATCC33277 was constructed successfully, which lays a foundation for further study of its biological function.</p>

Comparison study between the effect of static and alternating magnetic field on Erythrocytes aggregation

The aim of the present study is to show the effect of static and alternating magnetic field on erythrocytes aggregation rate and size. A magnetic coil with iron core was constructed in order to give static magnetic field of intensity from 0.9 to 14 mT, and alternating magnetic field of intensity from 1.5 to 10 mT. The aggregation data are obtained by using online laser transmission technique which was built on the magnetic coil. The analysis shows that the erythrocytes aggregation rate index [EARl] and erythrocytes aggregation size index [EASI] were altered by the magnetic field. There are a strong correlation between the values of static and alternating magnetic field with both EARl and EAST